MUSIC
In my opinion, music is a great component of culture and histography.
It makes people react better to their ambient (place where they live). Music makes them relax, not in a way of self-disorder but in a spiritual way.
Music is the best way to relax. It expresses feelings, sentiments, anger, hate, love.
It varies among countries in different ways because it is a a special kind of object that attracts who listens and dances it.
Comment:
-I liked the past class on Friday about music, it was joyous and entertainful.
It showed us what to do when we have to relax.
Music
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
How to define music has long been the subject of debate; philosophers, musicians, and, more recently, various social and natural scientists have argued about what constitutes music. The definition has varied through history, in different regions, and within societies.Definitions vary as music, like art, is a subjectively perceived phenomenon. Its definition has been tackled by philosophers of art,lexicographers, composers, music critics, musicians, semioticians or semiologists, linguists, sociologists, and neurologists. Music may be defined according to various criteria including organization, pleasantness, intent, social construction, perceptual processes and engagement, universal aspects or family resemblances, and through contrast or negative definition.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Etymology
The word music comes from the Greek mousikê (tekhnê) by way of the Latin musica. It is ultimately derived from mousa, the Greek word for muse. In ancient Greece, the word mousike was used to mean any of the arts or sciences governed by the Muses. Later, in Rome, ars musica embraced poetry as well as instrument-oriented music. In the European Middle Ages, musica was part of the mathematical quadrivium: arithmetics, geometry, astronomy and musica. The concept of musica was split into four major kinds by the fifth century philosopher, Boethius: musica universalis, musica humana, musica instrumentalis, and musica divina. Of those, only musica instrumentalis referred to music as performed sound.[original research?]
Musica universalis or musica mundana referred to the order of the universe, as God had created it in "measure, number and weight". The proportions of the spheres of the planets and stars (which at the time were still thought to revolve around the earth) were perceived as a form of music, without necessarily implying that any sound would be heard—music refers strictly to the mathematical proportions. From this concept later resulted the romantic idea of a music of the spheres. Musica humana, designated the proportions of the human body. These were thought to reflect the proportions of the Heavens and as such, to be an expression of God's greatness. To Medieval thinking, all things were connected with each other—a mode of thought that finds its traces today in the occult sciences or esoteric thought—ranging from astrology to believing certain minerals have certain beneficiary effects.[original research?]
Musica instrumentalis, finally, was the lowliest of the three disciplines and referred to the manifestation of those same mathematical proportions in sound—be it sung or played on instruments. The polyphonic organization of different melodies to sound at the same time was still a relatively new invention then, and it is understandable that the mathematical or physical relationships in frequency that give rise to the musical intervals as we hear them, should be foremost among the preoccupations of Medieval musicians.[original research?]
[edit]Translations
The languages of many cultures do not include a word for or that would be translated as music. Inuit and most North American Indianlanguages do not have a general term for music. Among the Aztecs, the ancient Mexican theory of rhetorics, poetry, dance, and instrumental music, used the Nahuatl term In xochitl-in kwikatl to refer a complex mix of music and other poetic verbal and non-verbal elements, and reserve the word Kwikakayotl (or cuicacayotl) only for the sung expressions (Leon-Portilla 2007, 11). In Africa there is no term for music in Tiv, Yoruba, Igbo, Efik, Birom, Hausa, Idoma, Eggon or Jarawa. Many other languages have terms which only partly cover what Europeans mean by the term music (Schafer). The Mapuche of Argentina do not have a word for music, but they do have words for instrumental versus improvised forms (kantun), European and non-Mapuche music (kantun winka), ceremonial songs (öl), andtayil (Robertson 1976, 39).
Some languages in West Africa have no term for music but the speakers do have the concept (Nettl 1989,[page needed]). Musiqi is thePersian word for the science and art of music, muzik being the sound and performance of music (Sakata 1983,[page needed]), though some things European influenced listeners would include, such as Quran chanting, are excluded. Actually, there are varying degrees of "musicness"; Quran chanting and Adhan is not considered music, but classical improvised song, classical instrumental metric composition, and popular dance music are.[citation needed]
However, most Indian languages have specific words that mean music or in some way denote it, for example 'Sangeeth' in Hindi and 'Sangeetham' in Malayalam both mean music.[citation needed]
[edit]Definitions
[edit]Organized sound
See also: Musique concrete, Acousmatic music, and Spectral music
An often-cited definition of music, coined by Edgard Varèse, is that it is "organized sound" (Goldman 1961, 133). The fifteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica describes that "while there are no sounds that can be described as inherently unmusical, musicians in each culture have tended to restrict the range of sounds they will admit."
A human organizing element seems crucial to the common understanding of music. Sounds produced by non-human agents, such as waterfalls or birds, are often described as "musical", but rarely as "music".
Additionally, Schaeffer (1968, 284) describes that the sound of classical music "has decays; it is granular; it has attacks; it fluctuates, swollen with impurities—and all this creates a musicality that comes before any 'cultural' musicality." Yet the definition according to the esthesic level does not allow that the sounds of classical music are complex, are noises, rather they are regular, periodic, even, musical sounds. Another writer says, "My own position can be summarized in the following terms: just as music is whatever people choose to recognize as such, noise is whatever is recognized as disturbing, unpleasant, or both" (Nattiez 1990, 47–48). (see "music as social construct" below)
[edit]Language
Main article: Musical language
Many definitions of music implicitly hold that music is a communicative activity which conveys to the listener moods, emotions, thoughts, impressions, or philosophical, sexual, or political concepts or positions. "Musical language" may be used to mean style or genre, while music may be treated as language without being called such, as in Fred Lerdahl or others' analysis of musical grammar.Levi R. Bryant defines music not as a language, but as a marked-based, problem-solving method such as mathematics (Ashby 2004, 4).
[edit]Musical universals
Main article: Aspect of music
Often a definition of music lists the aspects or elements that make up music under that definition. However, in addition to a lack of consensus, Jean Molino (1975, 43) also points out that "any element belonging to the total musical fact can be isolated, or taken as a strategic variable of musical production." Nattiez gives as examples Mauricio Kagel's Con Voce [with voice], where a masked trio silently mimes playing instruments.[citation needed]
Following Wittgenstein, cognitive psychologist Eleanor Rosch proposes that categories are not clean cut but that something may be more or less a member of a category (Rosch 1973, 328). As such the search for musical universals would fail and would not provide one with a valid definition (Levitin 2006, 136–39).
[edit]Social construct
Main article: Ethnomusicology
Post-modern and other theories argue that, like all art, music is defined primarily by social context. According to this view, music is what people call music, whether it is a period of silence, found sounds, or performance. Cage, Kagel, Schnebel, and others, according to Nattiez (1987, 43)[not in citation given], "perceive [certain of their pieces] (even if they do not say so publicly) as a way of "speaking" in music about music, in the second degree, as it were, to expose or denounce the institutional aspect of music's functioning."Cultural background is a factor in determining music from noise or unpleasant experiences. The experience of only being exposed to a particular type of music influences perception of any music. Cultures of European descent are largely influenced by music making use of theDiatonic scale.
Many people do, however, share a general idea of music. The Websters definition of music is a typical example: "the science or art of ordering tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity" (Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, online edition).
[edit]Subjective experience
Main article: Aesthetics of music
This approach to the definition focuses not on the construction but on the experience of music. An extreme statement of the position has been articulated by the Italian composer Luciano Berio: “Music is everything that one listens to with the intention of listening to music” (Berio, Dalmonte, and Varga 1985, 19). Thus, music could include "found" sound structures—produced by natural phenomena or algorithms—as long as they are interpreted by means of the aesthetic cognitive processes involved in music appreciation.[original research?] This approach permits the boundary between music and noise to change over time as the conventions of musical interpretation evolve within a culture, to be different in different cultures at any given moment, and to vary from person to person according to their experience and proclivities. It is further consistent with the subjective reality that even what would commonly be considered music is experienced as nonmusic if the mind is concentrating on other matters and thus not perceiving the sound'sessence as music (Clifton 1983, 9).
[edit]Specific definitions
[edit]Clifton
In his 1983 book, Music as Heard, which sets out from the phenomenological position of Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, and Ricœur, Thomas Clifton defines music as "an ordered arrangement of sounds and silences whose meaning is presentative rather than denotative. . . . This definition distinguishes music, as an end in itself, from compositional technique, and from sounds as purely physical objects." More precisely, "music is the actualization of the possibility of any sound whatever to present to some human being a meaning which he experiences with his body—that is to say, with his mind, his feelings, his senses, his will, and his metabolism" (Clifton 1983, 1). It is therefore "a certain reciprocal relation established between a person, his behavior, and a sounding object" (Clifton 1983, 10).
Clifton accordingly differentiates music from nonmusic on the basis of the human behavior involved, rather than on either the nature of compositional technique or of sounds as purely physical objects. Consequently, the distinction becomes a question of what is meant by musical behavior: "a musically behaving person is one whose very being is absorbed in the significance of the sounds being experienced." However, "It is not altogether accurate to say that this person is listening to the sounds. First, the person is doing more than listening: he is perceiving, interpreting, judging, and feeling. Second, the preposition 'to' puts too much stress on the sounds as such. Thus, the musically behaving person experiences musical significance by means of, or through, the sounds" (Clifton 1983, 2).
In this framework, Clifton finds that there are two things that separate music from nonmusic: (1) musical meaning is presentative, and (2) music and nonmusic are distinguished in the idea of personal involvement. "It is the notion of personal involvement which lends significance to the word ordered in this definition of music" (Clifton 1983, 3–4). This is not to be understood, however, as a sanctification of extreme relativism, since "it is precisely the 'subjective' aspect of experience which lured many writers earlier in this century down the path of sheer opinion-mongering. Later on this trend was reversed by a renewed interest in 'objective,' scientific, or otherwise nonintrospective musical analysis. But we have good reason to believe that a musical experience is not a purely private thing, likeseeing pink elephants, and that reporting about such an experience need not be subjective in the sense of it being a mere matter of opinion" (Clifton 1983, 8–9).
Clifton's task, then, is to describe musical experience and the objects of this experience which, together, are called "phenomena," and the activity of describing phenomena is called "phenomenology" (Clifton 1983, 9). It is important to stress that this definition of music says nothing about aesthetic standards.
Music is not a fact or a thing in the world, but a meaning constituted by human beings. . . . To talk about such experience in a meaningful way demands several things. First, we have to be willing to let the composition speak to us, to let it reveal its own order and significance. . . . Second, we have to be willing to question our assumptions about the nature and role of musical materials. . . . Last, and perhaps most important, we have to be ready to admit that describing a meaningful experience is itself meaningful. (Clifton 1983, 5–6)
[edit]Nattiez
"Music, often an art/entertainment, is a total social fact whose definitions vary according to era and culture," according to Jean Molino(1975, 37). It is often contrasted with noise. According to musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez: "The border between music and noise is always culturally defined—which implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always pass through the same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus.... By all accounts there is no single and intercultural universal concept defining what music might be" (Nattiez 1990, 47–8 and 55). Given the above demonstration that "there is no limit to the number or the genre of variables that might intervene in a definition of the musical," (Molino, 1987, 42)[citation needed] an organization of definitions and elements is necessary.
Nattiez (1990, 17) describes definitions according to a tripartite semiological scheme similar to the following:
| Poietic Process | Esthesic Process | |||
| Composer (Producer) | → | Sound (Trace) | ← | Listener (Receiver) |
There are three levels of description, the poietic, the neutral, and the esthesic:
- " By 'poietic' I understand describing the link among the composer's intentions, his creative procedures, his mental schemas, and the result of this collection of strategies; that is, the components that go into the work's material embodiment. Poietic description thus also deals with a quite special form of hearing (Varese called it 'the interior ear'): what the composer hears while imagining the work's sonorous results, or while experimenting at the piano, or with tape."
- "By 'esthesic' I understand not merely the artificially attentive hearing of a musicologist, but the description of perceptive behaviors within a given population of listeners; that is how this or that aspect of sonorous reality is captured by their perceptive strategies." (Nattiez 1990, 90)
- The neutral level is that of the physical "trace", (Saussere's sound-image, a sonority, a score), created and interpreted by the esthesic level (which corresponds to a perceptive definition; the perceptive and/or "social" construction definitions below) and the poietic level (which corresponds to a creative, as in compositional, definition; the organizational and social construction definitions below).
Table describing types of definitions of music (Nattiez 1990, 46):
| poietic level (choice of the composer) | neutral level (physical definition) | esthesic level (perceptive judgment) | |
| music | musical sound | sound of the harmonic spectrum | agreeable sound |
| nonmusic | noise (nonmusical) | noise (complex sound) | disagreeable noise |
Because of this range of definitions, the study of music comes in a wide variety of forms. There is the study of sound and vibration oracoustics, the cognitive study of music, the study of music theory and performance practice or music theory and ethnomusicology and the study of the reception and history of music, generally called musicology.
[edit]Xenakis
Composer Iannis Xenakis in "Towards a Metamusic" (chapter 7 of Xenakis 1971) defined music in the following way:
- It is a sort of comportment necessary for whoever thinks it and makes it.
- It is an individual pleroma, a realization.
- It is a fixing in sound of imagined virtualities (cosmological, philosophical, . . ., arguments)
- It is normative, that is, unconsciously it is a model for being or for doing by sympathetic drive.
- It is catalytic: its mere presence permits internal psychic or mental transformations in the same way as the crystal ball of the hypnotist.
- It is the gratuitous play of a child.
- It is a mystical (but atheistic) asceticism. Consequently expressions of sadness, joy, love and dramatic situations are only very limited particular instances.
mu·sic (my  z k)
n.
1. The art of arranging sounds in time so as to produce a continuous, unified, and evocative composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre.
2. Vocal or instrumental sounds possessing a degree of melody, harmony, or rhythm.
3.
a. A musical composition.
b. The written or printed score for such a composition.
c. Such scores considered as a group: We keep our music in a stack near the piano.
4. A musical accompaniment.
5. A particular category or kind of music.
6. An aesthetically pleasing or harmonious sound or combination of sounds: the music of the wind in the pines.
[Middle English, from Old French musique, from Latin m
 sica, from Greek mousik (tekhn), (art) of the Muses, feminine of mousikos, of the Muses, from Mousa, Muse; see men-1 in Indo-European roots.] |
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
music [ˈmjuːzɪk]
n
1. (Music, other) an art form consisting of sequences of sounds in time, esp tones of definite pitch organized melodically, harmonically, rhythmically and according to tone colour
2. (Music, other) such an art form characteristic of a particular people, culture, or tradition Indian music rock music baroque music
3. (Music, other) the sounds so produced, esp by singing or musical instruments
4. (Music, other) written or printed music, such as a score or set of parts
5. any sequence of sounds perceived as pleasing or harmonious
6. (Music, other) Rare a group of musicians the Queen's music
face the music Informal to confront the consequences of one's actions
music to one's ears something that is very pleasant to hear his news is music to my ears
[via Old French from Latin mūsica, from Greek mousikē (tekhnē) (art) belonging to the Muses, from Mousa Muse]
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003
Music
See also art; performing; phonograph records; songs and singing; sound; tuning.
the theory that accent within a musical phrase can also be expressed by modifying the duration of certain notes rather than only by modifying dynamic stress. — agogic, adj.
1. the composition of music without a definite key; dodecaphony.
2. the music so written. Also atonality. — atonalist, n. — atonal, atonalistic, adj.
2. the music so written. Also atonality. — atonalist, n. — atonal, atonalistic, adj.
1. the techniques of choral singing.
2. the composition of music for chorus illustrative of a cognizance of choral techniques and the possibilities and limitations of choral singing. — choralistic, adj.
2. the composition of music for chorus illustrative of a cognizance of choral techniques and the possibilities and limitations of choral singing. — choralistic, adj.
the use of the chromatic scale or chromatic halftones in musical compositions. Cf.diatonicism.
a performer on an ancient Greek form of lyre called a cithara.
1. a composer of music employing counterpoint figures, as fugues.
2. a performer of music employing counterpoint figures. Also contrapuntalist.
2. a performer of music employing counterpoint figures. Also contrapuntalist.
the use of the diatonic scale of five whole tones and two halftones in the composition of music. Also diatonism. Cf. chromaticism.
the composition of music employing the twelvetone scale. Also called dodecatonality,atonality. — dodecaphonist, n. — dodecaphonic, adj.
a short hymn expressing praise to God. — doxological, adj.
1. the study of the music of a particular region or people from the viewpoint of its social or cultural implications.
2. the comparative study of the music of more than one such region or people. — ethnomusicologist, n.
2. the comparative study of the music of more than one such region or people. — ethnomusicologist, n.
1. the composition of fugues.
2. the performance of fugues. — fuguist, n.
2. the performance of fugues. — fuguist, n.
a performer on the viola da gamba.
Obsolete, a person versed in Gregorian chant. Also called Gregorian.
a person skilled in the principles of harmony. See also literature
1. music in which one voice carries the melody, sometimes with a ehord accompaniment.
2. Obsolete, unison. Also called monody, monophony. — homophonous, adj.
2. Obsolete, unison. Also called monody, monophony. — homophonous, adj.
1. the singing of hymns; hymnology.
2. the composition of hymns.
3. a study of hymns and their composers.
4. the preparation of expository material and bibliographies concerning hymns; hymnography. — hymnodist, n.
2. the composition of hymns.
3. a study of hymns and their composers.
4. the preparation of expository material and bibliographies concerning hymns; hymnography. — hymnodist, n.
the act or art of playing the lyre. — lyrist, n.
the branch of music theory that deals with melody.
a person who composes or sings melodies.
the writing of romantic, sensational stage plays interspersed with songs and orchestral music. — melodramatist, n. — melodramatic, adj.
an abnormal liking for music and melody. — melomaniac, n., adj. — melomane, n.
an instrument for marking time in music, producing regular ticking sounds at a variety of settings. — metronomic, metronomical, adj.
1. the art of minstrels.
2. their occupation.
3. a group of minstrels.
4. a collection of their music and songs.
2. their occupation.
3. a group of minstrels.
4. a collection of their music and songs.
1. music composed of a single melody with no accompaniment or harmony. Cf.homophony, polyphony.
2. monody. — monophonic, adj.
2. monody. — monophonic, adj.
the science of musical notation.
the scholarly and scientific study of music, as in historical research, theory of composition, etc. — musicologist, n. — musicological, adj.
a mania for music.
a music lover.
an intense dislike of music.
a juke-box, record-player, or player piano operated by the insertion of a nickel or other coin. See also films.
a performer on the ophicleide, an instrument, developed from the wooden serpent in the brass section of the orchestra.
1. the composition of music using all seven notes of the diatonic scale in a manner free from classical harmonie restrictions.
2. the music written in this style. — pandiatonic, adj.
2. the music written in this style. — pandiatonic, adj.
the technique of playing the piano. — pianist, n. — pianistic, adj.
a humorous performance at the piano, sometimes with a verbal accompaniment by the performer.
the combination of a number of separate but harmonizing melodies, as in a fugue. Cf.homophony. — polyphonic, polyphonous, adj.
the practice of using combinations of notes from two or more keys in writing musical compositions. Also polytonality. — polytonalist, n. — polytonal, adj.
1. the art, practice, or act of singing psalms in worship services.
2. a collection of psalms. — psalmodist, n. — psalmodial, psalmodie, psalmodical,adj.
2. a collection of psalms. — psalmodist, n. — psalmodial, psalmodie, psalmodical,adj.
any series of four related works, literary, dramatic, operatic, etc.
song, musical composition, or literary work created to honor or commemorate the dead; a funeral song. — threnodist, n. — threnodic, adj.
a composer who pays special attention to the tonal qualities of music. See also art.
the artistic use of commonplace, everyday, and contemporary material in opera, especially some 20th-century Italian and French works, as Louise. — verist, n., adj. — veristic, adj.
1. the musical theory and practice of Richard Wagner, characterized by coordination of all musical and dramatic components, use of the leitmotif, and departure from the conventions of earlier Italian opera.
2. influence or imitation of Wagner’s style. — Wagnerian, n., adj.
2. influence or imitation of Wagner’s style. — Wagnerian, n., adj.
-Ologies & -Isms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
Music
See Also: SINGING
- As music takes up the thread that language drops, so it is where Shakespeare ends that Beethoven began —Sidney Lanier
- The band wound up the tune like a train rushing into a station —Donald McCaig
- The cello is like a beautiful woman who has not grown older but younger with time, more slender, more supple, more graceful —Pablo Casals
- Composing is like making love to the future —Lukas Foss
- Composing is like organizing a meal. The different dishes must be so arranged as to rouse the appetite and renew the pleasure with each course —Moses Ibn Ezra
- A concert is like a bullfight, the moment of truth —Artur Rubinstein
- The conductor … flapped his arms like a rooster about to crow —Katherine Mansfield
- Each musician looks like mumps from blowing umpah umpah umps —Ogden Nash
- Fiddles tuning up like cats in pain —Harvey Swados
- Good music, like land and machines, had no people in sight —Will WeaverIn Weaver’s novel, Red Earth, White Earth, this simile is used to explain a character’s liking for music.
- A great burst of music gushed up like a geyser —Mary Lavin
- In came a fiddler, and tuned like fifty stomach aches —Charles Dickens
- In music as in love, pleasure is the waste product of creation —Igor Stravinsky
- It is like eating vanilla ice cream in Paradise, listening to beautiful music —Camille Lemmonnier
- Musical as the holes of a flute without the flute —O. Henry
- Music as loud as the roar of traffic —Marge PiercySee Also: NOISE
- The music rushed from the bow [of fiddle] like water from the rock when Moses touched it —Henry Van Dyke
- The music enchanted the air … like the south wind, like a warm night, like swelling sails beneath the stars —Erich Maria Remarque
- Music is a big sublime instinct, like genius of all kinds —Ouida
- Music is a sort of dream architecture which passes in filmy clouds and disappears in nothingness —Percy A. Scholes
- Music is auditory intercourse without benefit of orgasm —Aldous Huxley
- Music is essentially useless, as life is —George Santayana
- Music is like wine … the less people know about it, the sweeter they like it —Robertson Davies
- Music is like a fickle, tantalizing mistress; one is rarely happy with her, but it is sheer tormented hell ever to be long away —Robert Traver
- Music is … like mathematics, very nearly a world by itself. It contains a whole gamut of experience, from sensuous elements to ultimate intellectual harmonies —George Santayana
- Music is not water, but it moves like water; it is not fire, but it soars as warm as the sun —Delmore Schwartz
- Music is the arithmetic of sounds as optics is the geometry of light —Claude Debussy
- Music, like balm, eases griefs smarting wound —Samuel Pordage
- (Drum, drum, drum, the) music like footsteps —T. Coraghessan Boyle
- Music may be regarded as a thermometer that makes it possible to register the degree of sensibility of every people, according to the climate in which they live —André Ernest Grétry
- Music throbbed like blood —T. Coraghessan Boyle
- Music yearning like a god in pain —John Keats
- Opera in English makes about as much sense as baseball in Italian —H. L. Mencken
- The opera is like a husband with a foreign title: expensive to support, hard to understand, and therefore a supreme social challenge —Cleveland Amory
- The orchestra sounds like fifty cats in agony —J. B. Priestly
- Our musicians are like big canisters of gas. Light a match too close to them, and they will explode —Yevgeny Svetlanov, New York Times, October 20, 1986Svetlanov, the Moscow State Symphony conductor, thus described Russian musicians in an article by Bernard Holland.
- The plaintive sound of saxophones moaning softly like a man who has just missed a short putt —P. G. Wodehouse
- Playing ‘bop’ is like playing ‘scrabble’ with all the vowels missing —Duke Ellington, quoted in New York Herald Tribune, July 9, 1961
- Pulled music from his violin as if he were lifting silk from a dressmaker’s table —Pat Conroy
- Saxophones wailing like a litter of pigs —Lawrence Durrell
- The string section sounded like cats in heat —Mary Hedin
- (Wade and Beth could hear) the subterranean thudding of his rock music turned low, like a giant heart beating in a sub-cellar —John D. MacDonald
- A symphony must be like the world, it must embrace everything —Gustav MahlerMahler’s comment was addressed to Jean Sibelius.
- To some people music is like food; to others like medicines; to others like a fan —Arabian Nights
- Tuneless and atonal, like the improvised songs of children caught up in frantic play —Robert Silverberg
- The written note is like a strait jacket, whereas music like life itself is constant movement, continuous spontaneity, free from restriction —Pablo Casals
Similes Dictionary, 1st Edition. © 1988 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
ThesaurusLegend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms
| Noun | 1. |  music - an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner
transposition - (music) playing in a different key from the key intended; moving the pitch of a piece of music upwards or downwards
tone ending, release - (music) the act or manner of terminating a musical phrase or tone
entr'acte, interlude, intermezzo - a brief show (music or dance etc) inserted between the sections of a longer performance
music - musical activity (singing or whistling etc.); "his music was his central interest"
recapitulation - (music) the repetition of themes introduced earlier (especially when one is composing the final part of a movement)
tuning - (music) calibrating something (an instrument or electronic circuit) to a standard frequency
audio CD, audio compact disc - compact discs used to reproduce sound (voice and music)
barrel organ, grind organ, hand organ, hurdy gurdy, hurdy-gurdy, street organ - a musical instrument that makes music by rotation of a cylinder studded with pegs
electric organ, electronic organ, Hammond organ, organ - (music) an electronic simulation of a pipe organ
soundboard, sounding board - (music) resonator consisting of a thin board whose vibrations reinforce the sound of the instrument
stop - (music) a knob on an organ that is pulled to change the sound quality from the organ pipes; "the organist pulled out all the stops"
string - a tightly stretched cord of wire or gut, which makes sound when plucked, struck, or bowed
synthesiser, synthesizer - (music) an electronic instrument (usually played with a keyboard) that generates and modifies sounds electronically and can imitate a variety of other musical instruments
unison - (music) two or more sounds or tones at the same pitch or in octaves; "singing in unison"
registration - (music) the sound property resulting from a combination of organ stops used to perform a particular piece of music; the technique of selecting and adjusting organ stops
timbre, tone, quality, timber - (music) the distinctive property of a complex sound (a voice or noise or musical sound); "the timbre of her soprano was rich and lovely"; "the muffled tones of the broken bell summoned them to meet"
crescendo - (music) a gradual increase in loudness
fortissimo, forte - (music) loud
decrescendo, diminuendo - (music) a gradual decrease in loudness
pianissimo, piano - (music) low loudness
fermata - (music) a prolongation of unspecified length on a note or chord or rest
register - (music) the timbre that is characteristic of a certain range and manner of production of the human voice or of different pipe organ stops or of different musical instruments
pyrotechnics - (music) brilliance of display (as in the performance of music)
music - (music) the sounds produced by singers or musical instruments (or reproductions of such sounds)
section, subdivision - a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical); "he always turns first to the business section"; "the history of this work is discussed in the next section"
inscription, dedication - a short message (as in a book or musical work or on a photograph) dedicating it to someone or something
exposition - (music) the section of a movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes first occur
musical notation - (music) notation used by musicians
sheet music - a musical composition in printed or written form; "she turned the pages of the music as he played"
musical scale, scale - (music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave)
tucket, fanfare, flourish - (music) a short lively tune played on brass instruments; "he entered to a flourish of trumpets"; "her arrival was greeted with a rousing fanfare"
swoop, slide - (music) rapid sliding up or down the musical scale; "the violinist was indulgent with his swoops and slides"
gamut - the entire scale of musical notes
roulade - (music) an elaborate run of several notes sung to one syllable
supertonic - (music) the second note of a diatonic scale
mediant - (music) the third note of a diatonic scale; midway between the tonic and the dominant
|
| 2. | music - any agreeable (pleasing and harmonious) sounds; "he fell asleep to the music of the wind chimes"
auditory sensation, sound - the subjective sensation of hearing something; "he strained to hear the faint sounds"
music of the spheres - an inaudible music that Pythagoras thought was produced by the celestial
reharmonise, reharmonize - provide with a different harmony; "reharmonize the melody"
orchestrate - write an orchestra score for
instrumentate, instrument - write an instrumental score for
transcribe - rewrite or arrange a piece of music for an instrument or medium other than that originally intended
| |
| 3. | music - musical activity (singing or whistling etc.); "his music was his central interest"
activity - any specific behavior; "they avoided all recreational activity"
carillon playing, carillon, bell ringing - playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower
instrumental music - music produced by playing a musical instrument
intonation - the production of musical tones (by voice or instrument); especially the exactitude of the pitch relations
percussion - the act of playing a percussion instrument
vocal music - music that is vocalized (as contrasted with instrumental music)
singing, vocalizing - the act of singing vocal music
whistling - the act of whistling a tune; "his cheerful whistling indicated that he enjoyed his work"
music - an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner
beats per minute, bpm, M.M., metronome marking - the pace of music measured by the number of beats occurring in 60 seconds
interlude - perform an interlude; "The guitar player interluded with a beautiful improvisation"
scamp - perform hastily and carelessly
churn out - perform in a mechanical way
sight-read, sightread - perform music from a score without having seen the score before; "He is a brilliant pianist but he cannot sightread"
rap - perform rap music
concertise, concertize - give concerts; perform in concerts; "My niece is off concertizing in Europe"
prelude - play as a prelude
jazz - play something in the style of jazz
rag - play in ragtime; "rag that old tune"
bugle - play on a bugle
play - perform music on (a musical instrument); "He plays the flute"; "Can you play on this old recorder?"
register - manipulate the registers of an organ
skirl - play the bagpipes
symphonise, symphonize - play or sound together, in harmony
tweedle - play negligently on a musical instrument
reprise, reprize, recapitulate, repeat - repeat an earlier theme of a composition
pipe - play on a pipe; "pipe a tune"
slur - play smoothly or legato; "the pianist slurred the most beautiful passage in the sonata"
pedal - operate the pedals on a keyboard instrument
bang out - play loudly; "They banged out `The star-spangled banner'"
play along, accompany, follow - perform an accompaniment to; "The orchestra could barely follow the frequent pitch changes of the soprano"
modulate - change the key of, in music; "modulate the melody"
bow - play on a string instrument with a bow
sing - produce tones with the voice; "She was singing while she was cooking"; "My brother sings very well"
psalm - sing or celebrate in psalms; "He psalms the works of God"
minstrel - celebrate by singing, in the style of minstrels
solmizate - sing using syllables like `do', `re' and `mi' to represent the tones of the scale; "The voice teacher showed the students how to solmizate"
sing - deliver by singing; "Sing Christmas carols"
troll - sing the parts of (a round) in succession
hymn - sing a hymn
carol - sing carols; "They went caroling on Christmas Day"
madrigal - sing madrigals; "The group was madrigaling beautifully"
drum - play a percussion instrument
harp - play the harp; "She harped the Saint-Saens beautifully"
conduct, direct, lead - lead, as in the performance of a composition; "conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years"
conduct - lead musicians in the performance of; "Bernstein conducted Mahler like no other conductor"; "she cannot conduct modern pieces"
| |
| 4. | music - (music) the sounds produced by singers or musical instruments (or reproductions of such sounds)
auditory sensation, sound - the subjective sensation of hearing something; "he strained to hear the faint sounds"
piano music - the sound of music produced by a piano; "he thought he heard piano music next door"
music - an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner
syncopate - modify the rhythm by stressing or accenting a weak beat
chord, harmonise, harmonize - bring into consonance, harmony, or accord while making music or singing
key - regulate the musical pitch of
clarion - blow the clarion
double tongue, triple-tongue - play fast notes on a wind instrument
tongue - articulate by tonguing, as when playing wind instruments
| |
| 5. | music - punishment for one's actions; "you have to face the music"; "take your medicine"
penalisation, penalization, penalty, punishment - the act of punishing
|
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.
music noun
Related words
like melomania, musicomania
fear musicophobia
like melomania, musicomania
fear musicophobia
Quotations
"Music has charms to soothe a savage breast" [William Congreve The Mourning Bride]
"There's no passion in the human soul,"
"But finds its food in music" [George Lillo The Fatal Curiosity]
"Great music is that which penetrates the ear with facility and leaves the memory with difficulty" [Thomas Beecham]
"Bach gave us God's word"
"Mozart gave us God's laughter"
"Beethoven gave us God's fire"
"God gave us music that we might pray without words" from a German Opera House poster
"Music is a beautiful opiate, if you don't take it too seriously" [Henry Miller The Air-Conditioned Nightmare]
"The opera ain't over till the fat lady sings" [Dan Cook]
"It is cruel, you know, that music should be so beautiful. It has the beauty of loneliness and of pain: of strength and freedom. The beauty of disappointment and never-satisfied love. The cruel beauty of nature, and everlasting beauty of monotony" [Benjamin Brittenletter]
"Such sweet compulsion doth in music lie" [John Milton Arcades]
"The greatest moments of the human spirit may be deduced from the greatest moments in music" [Aaron Copland Music as an Aspect of the Human Spirit]
"My music is best understood by children and animals" [Igor Stravinsky]
"When I get those really intense moments it doesn't feel like it's the violin that's giving them to me, it's like I'm in touch with some realm of consciousness which is much bigger than I am ... It's the music which takes over" [Nigel Kennedy]
"Music is your own experience, your own thoughts, your wisdom. If you don't live it, it won't come out of your horn" [Charlie Parker]
"Hell is full of musical amateurs; music is the brandy of the damned" [George Bernard Shaw Man and Superman]
"Music is feeling, then, not sound" [Wallace Stevens Peter Quince at the Clavier]
"Music is spiritual. The music business is not" [Van Morrison]
"If music be the food of love, play on;"
"Give me excess of it" [William Shakespeare Twelfth Night]
"Without music life would be a mistake" [Friedrich Nietzsche The Twilight of the Idols]
"I have been told that Wagner's music is better than it sounds" [Mark Twain]
"Music is essentially useless, as life is" [George Santayana Little Essays]
"Music is a memory bank for finding one's way about the world" [Bruce Chatwin The Songlines]
"Music is the healing force of the universe" [Albert Ayler]
"All music is folk music, I ain't never heard no horse sing a song" [Louis Armstrong]
"The only sensual pleasure without vice" [Dr. Johnson]
"Classic music is th'kind that we keep thinkin'll turn into a tune" [Kin Hubbard Comments of Abe Martin and His Neighbours]
"There are two golden rules for an orchestra: start together and finish together. The public doesn't give a damn what goes on in between" [Thomas Beecham]
"If the music doesn't say it, how can the words say it for the music?" [John Coltrane]
"Extraordinary how potent cheap music is" [Noël Coward Private Lives]
"What passion cannot music raise and quell?" [John Dryden A Song for St. Cecilia's Day]
"Music and women I cannot but give way to, whatever my business is" [Samuel PepysDiary]
"Music begins to atrophy when it departs too far from the dance... poetry begins to atrophy when it gets too far from music" [Ezra Pound The ABC of Reading]
"[Rock music] is still only certain elements in the blues isolated, coarsened and amplified. It may affect audiences more strongly but this is only to say that home-distilled hooch is more affecting than château-bottled claret, or a punch on the nose than a reasoned refutation under nineteen headings" [Philip Larkin]
"In memory everything seems to happen to music" [Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie]
"Music has charms to soothe a savage breast" [William Congreve The Mourning Bride]
"There's no passion in the human soul,"
"But finds its food in music" [George Lillo The Fatal Curiosity]
"Great music is that which penetrates the ear with facility and leaves the memory with difficulty" [Thomas Beecham]
"Bach gave us God's word"
"Mozart gave us God's laughter"
"Beethoven gave us God's fire"
"God gave us music that we might pray without words" from a German Opera House poster
"Music is a beautiful opiate, if you don't take it too seriously" [Henry Miller The Air-Conditioned Nightmare]
"The opera ain't over till the fat lady sings" [Dan Cook]
"It is cruel, you know, that music should be so beautiful. It has the beauty of loneliness and of pain: of strength and freedom. The beauty of disappointment and never-satisfied love. The cruel beauty of nature, and everlasting beauty of monotony" [Benjamin Brittenletter]
"Such sweet compulsion doth in music lie" [John Milton Arcades]
"The greatest moments of the human spirit may be deduced from the greatest moments in music" [Aaron Copland Music as an Aspect of the Human Spirit]
"My music is best understood by children and animals" [Igor Stravinsky]
"When I get those really intense moments it doesn't feel like it's the violin that's giving them to me, it's like I'm in touch with some realm of consciousness which is much bigger than I am ... It's the music which takes over" [Nigel Kennedy]
"Music is your own experience, your own thoughts, your wisdom. If you don't live it, it won't come out of your horn" [Charlie Parker]
"Hell is full of musical amateurs; music is the brandy of the damned" [George Bernard Shaw Man and Superman]
"Music is feeling, then, not sound" [Wallace Stevens Peter Quince at the Clavier]
"Music is spiritual. The music business is not" [Van Morrison]
"If music be the food of love, play on;"
"Give me excess of it" [William Shakespeare Twelfth Night]
"Without music life would be a mistake" [Friedrich Nietzsche The Twilight of the Idols]
"I have been told that Wagner's music is better than it sounds" [Mark Twain]
"Music is essentially useless, as life is" [George Santayana Little Essays]
"Music is a memory bank for finding one's way about the world" [Bruce Chatwin The Songlines]
"Music is the healing force of the universe" [Albert Ayler]
"All music is folk music, I ain't never heard no horse sing a song" [Louis Armstrong]
"The only sensual pleasure without vice" [Dr. Johnson]
"Classic music is th'kind that we keep thinkin'll turn into a tune" [Kin Hubbard Comments of Abe Martin and His Neighbours]
"There are two golden rules for an orchestra: start together and finish together. The public doesn't give a damn what goes on in between" [Thomas Beecham]
"If the music doesn't say it, how can the words say it for the music?" [John Coltrane]
"Extraordinary how potent cheap music is" [Noël Coward Private Lives]
"What passion cannot music raise and quell?" [John Dryden A Song for St. Cecilia's Day]
"Music and women I cannot but give way to, whatever my business is" [Samuel PepysDiary]
"Music begins to atrophy when it departs too far from the dance... poetry begins to atrophy when it gets too far from music" [Ezra Pound The ABC of Reading]
"[Rock music] is still only certain elements in the blues isolated, coarsened and amplified. It may affect audiences more strongly but this is only to say that home-distilled hooch is more affecting than château-bottled claret, or a punch on the nose than a reasoned refutation under nineteen headings" [Philip Larkin]
"In memory everything seems to happen to music" [Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie]
Music
Classical music genres
ars antiqua, ars nova, baroque, classical, early music, expressionist, galant, Gothic,impressionist, minimalist, music concrète, nationalist, neoclassical, post-romantic,Renaissance, rococo, romantic, salon music, serial music, twelve-tone ordodecaphonic
ars antiqua, ars nova, baroque, classical, early music, expressionist, galant, Gothic,impressionist, minimalist, music concrète, nationalist, neoclassical, post-romantic,Renaissance, rococo, romantic, salon music, serial music, twelve-tone ordodecaphonic
Types of composition
air, albumblatt, allemande, anthem, aria, bagatelle, ballade, ballet, barcarole, barceuse, bolero, bourrée, canon, cantata, canticle, canzona, canzone, canzonetta,capriccio, cavatina, chaconne, chorale, chorus, concertante, concertino, concerto,concerto grosso, concertstück, contredanse or contradance, czardas, dirge,divertimento, divertissement, duet, dumka, duo, ecossaise, elegy, étude, fantasy orfantasia, farandole, fugue, galliard, galop, gavotte, gigue, grand opera, hornpipe,humoresque, impromptu, interlude, lament, ländler, lied, madrigal, march, mass,mazurka, medley, minuet, motet, nocturne, nonet, notturno, octet, opera, opera buffa,opera seria, operetta, oratorio, overture, partita, part song, passacaglia, passepied,Passion, pastiche, pastorale, pavane, phantasy, pibroch, polka, polonaise, prelude,psalm, quadrille, quartet, quintet, raga, reel, Requiem, rhapsody, ricercar or ricercare,rigadoon or rigadoun, romance, scherzo, schottische, septet, serenade, sextet, sinfonia concertante, sinfonietta, Singspiel, sonata, sonatina, song, song cycle,strathspey, suite, symphonic poem, symphony, toccata, tone poem, trio, trio sonata,waltz
air, albumblatt, allemande, anthem, aria, bagatelle, ballade, ballet, barcarole, barceuse, bolero, bourrée, canon, cantata, canticle, canzona, canzone, canzonetta,capriccio, cavatina, chaconne, chorale, chorus, concertante, concertino, concerto,concerto grosso, concertstück, contredanse or contradance, czardas, dirge,divertimento, divertissement, duet, dumka, duo, ecossaise, elegy, étude, fantasy orfantasia, farandole, fugue, galliard, galop, gavotte, gigue, grand opera, hornpipe,humoresque, impromptu, interlude, lament, ländler, lied, madrigal, march, mass,mazurka, medley, minuet, motet, nocturne, nonet, notturno, octet, opera, opera buffa,opera seria, operetta, oratorio, overture, partita, part song, passacaglia, passepied,Passion, pastiche, pastorale, pavane, phantasy, pibroch, polka, polonaise, prelude,psalm, quadrille, quartet, quintet, raga, reel, Requiem, rhapsody, ricercar or ricercare,rigadoon or rigadoun, romance, scherzo, schottische, septet, serenade, sextet, sinfonia concertante, sinfonietta, Singspiel, sonata, sonatina, song, song cycle,strathspey, suite, symphonic poem, symphony, toccata, tone poem, trio, trio sonata,waltz
Popular music types
acid house, acid jazz, acid rock, ambient, bebop, bhangra, bluebeat, bluegrass, blues,boogie-woogie, bop, bubblegum, Cajun, calypso, cool jazz, country and western,country blues, country rock, Cu-bop, death metal, disco, Dixieland, doo-wop, dub, folk music, folk rock, free jazz, funk, fusion, gangsta rap, glam rock, gospel, Goth, grunge, hardbop, hardcore, harmolodics, heavy metal, hip-hop, House, Indie, industrial, jazz, jazz-funk, jazz-rock, jungle, mainstream jazz, Merseybeat, modern jazz, Motown(trademark), Muzak (trademark), New Age, New Country, New Orleans jazz, new romantic, New Wave, P-funk, pop, progressive rock, psychobilly, punk, ragga, rap,rave, reggae, rhythm and blues, rock, rockabilly, rock and roll, salsa, ska, skiffle, soul,surf music, swing, swingbeat, techno, thrash metal, trad jazz, world music, zydeco
acid house, acid jazz, acid rock, ambient, bebop, bhangra, bluebeat, bluegrass, blues,boogie-woogie, bop, bubblegum, Cajun, calypso, cool jazz, country and western,country blues, country rock, Cu-bop, death metal, disco, Dixieland, doo-wop, dub, folk music, folk rock, free jazz, funk, fusion, gangsta rap, glam rock, gospel, Goth, grunge, hardbop, hardcore, harmolodics, heavy metal, hip-hop, House, Indie, industrial, jazz, jazz-funk, jazz-rock, jungle, mainstream jazz, Merseybeat, modern jazz, Motown(trademark), Muzak (trademark), New Age, New Country, New Orleans jazz, new romantic, New Wave, P-funk, pop, progressive rock, psychobilly, punk, ragga, rap,rave, reggae, rhythm and blues, rock, rockabilly, rock and roll, salsa, ska, skiffle, soul,surf music, swing, swingbeat, techno, thrash metal, trad jazz, world music, zydeco
Expression and tempo instructions
| Instruction | Meaning |
|---|---|
| accelerando | with increasing speed |
| adagio | slowly |
| agitato | in an agitated manner |
| allegretto | fairly quickly or briskly |
| allegro | quickly, in a brisk, lively manner |
| amoroso | lovingly |
| andante | at a moderately slow tempo |
| andantino | slightly faster than andante |
| animato | in a lively manner |
| appassionato | impassioned |
| assai | (in combination) very |
| calando | with gradually decreasing tone and speed |
| cantabile | in a singing style |
| con | (in combination) with |
| con affeto | with tender emotion |
| con amore | lovingly |
| con anima | with spirit |
| con brio | vigorously |
| con fuoco | with fire |
| con moto | quickly |
| crescendo | gradual increase in loudness |
| diminuendo | gradual decrease in loudness |
| dolce | gently and sweetly |
| doloroso | in a sorrowful manner |
| energico | energetically |
| espressivo | expressively |
| forte | loud or loudly |
| fortissimo | very loud |
| furioso | in a frantically rushing manner |
| giocoso | merry |
| grave | solemn and slow |
| grazioso | graceful |
| lacrimoso | sad and mournful |
| largo | slowly and broadly |
| larghetto | slowly and broadly, but less so than largo |
| legato | smoothly and connectedly |
| leggiero | light |
| lento | slowly |
| maestoso | majestically |
| marziale | martial |
| mezzo | (in combination) moderately |
| moderato | at a moderate tempo |
| molto | (in combination) very |
| non troppo or non tanto | (in combination) not too much |
| pianissimo | very quietly |
| piano | softly |
| più | (in combination) more |
| pizzicato | (in music for stringed instruments) to be plucked with the finger |
| poco or un poco | (in combination) a little |
| pomposo | in a pompous manner |
| presto | very fast |
| prestissimo | faster than presto |
| quasi | (in combination) almost, as if |
| rallentando | becoming slower |
| rubato | with a flexible tempo |
| scherzando | in jocular style |
| sciolto | free and easy |
| semplice | simple and unforced |
| sforzando | with strong initial attack |
| smorzando | dying away |
| sospirando | `sighing', plaintive |
| sostenuto | in a smooth and sustained manner |
| sotto voce | extremely quiet |
| staccato | (of notes) short, clipped, and separate |
| strascinando | stretched out |
| strepitoso | noisy |
| stringendo | with increasing speed |
| tanto | (in combination) too much |
| tardo | slow |
| troppo | (in combination) too much |
| vivace | in a brisk lively manner |
| volante | `flying', fast and light |
Musical modes
| Final note | |
|---|---|
| I Dorian | D |
| II Hypodorian | A |
| III Phrygian | E |
| IV Hypophrygian | B |
| V Lydian | F |
| VI Hypolydian | C |
| VII Mixolydian | G |
| VIII Hypomixolydian | D |
| IX Aeolian | A |
| X Hypoaeolian | E |
| XI Ionian | C |
| XII Hypoionian | G |
Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002
Translations
music
music →
n music [ˈmjuːzik]
1 the art of arranging and combining sounds able to be produced by the human voice or by instruments She prefers classical music to popular music; She is studying music; (also adjective ) a music lesson.
2 the written form in which such tones etc are set down The pianist has forgotten to bring her music.
adj musical
1 of or producing music a musical instrument.
2 like music, especially in being pleasant to hear a musical voice.
3 (of a person) having a talent for music Their children are all musical.
n
a film or play that includes a large amount of singing, dancing etc.
adv musically
n musician [mjuˈziʃən]
1 a person who is skilled in music The conductor of this orchestra is a fine musician.
2 a person who plays a musical instrument This show has ten singers, twenty dancers and fifty musicians.
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2010 K Dictionaries Ltd.
music →
Multilingual Translator © HarperCollins Publishers 2009
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